The Ascendance and Decline of Islamic Political Power Within the Middle East During the Medieval Period (476 A.D. – 1453 A.D.) and During the Modern Day and the Scientific Ascendancy of Europe During the Enlightenment Period (1685 – 1815): The Islamic World in the 11th Century A.D. Upon the Bleeding Edge of Science and Technology, Science and Technology Exported From the Middle East and Imported Into Europe, the Last Period When the Middle East Threatened the West, the Outcome of the Battle of Vienna (1683), Polish King Jan Sobieski Sending Soldiers to Repel Middle Eastern Invasion During the Battle of Vienna, Sobieski Searching for Türkish Noble Kara Mustafa Pasha After the Battle of Vienna Conflict Had Ended, the Usage of Captured Türkish Weaponry Post the Battle of Vienna, the Nickname of the Saint Stephen’s Cathedral Bell (the Pummerin Bell), the Death of Pasha, the First Time the Ottoman Türks Accepted a Peace Treaty From Christian Europeans, the Demise of Türkish Influence and Authority Within the Middle East and Europe Between the Late 17th Century and Early 20th Century, the Conflict Which Created an Upsurge of Western Interest Within the Study of Warfare and Government During the Late 17th Century, the Reason Western Countries Possess a Technological Advantage Over Middle Eastern Countries During the Modern Day, the Reason Prussia (Poland, Germany, Russia, Lithuania, and Denmark) and Europe Gained a Strategic Edge Over its Eastern Counterparts During the Mid 18th Century, German King Frederick II’s Dual Political Testaments and its Influence Upon Modern Day Politics, Frederick II’s View of Himself as a Politician, Frederick II Helping to Ensure the Prussian State Remain Free of Corruption, the Lifestyle of Türkish Sultan Osman III Prior to Becoming Sultan, Osman III’s Aversion to Women, the Negative Impact of Osman III’s Administration, the Disorganization of Osman III’s Administration’s Clerical Practices, the Declining Standards of Book Publications Transcribed During Osman III’s Administration, the Collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 and the Rise of the European Empire Post the Enlightenment Period, Frederik II’s View of Religion, the Reason Islam Began to Become Conservative Toward Education During the 11th Century A.D., the View of Arabic Calligraphy Within the Ottoman Empire, Türkish Sultan Selim I’s Legislation Which Imposed Capital Punishment (Death Penalty) for Western Book Transcription, the Reason the Ottoman Empire Cut Itself Off From Western Knowledge, the Only Western Information Translated into Arabic for the Ottoman Türks Under Selem I’s Administration, Islamic Education Throughout History vs Western Education Throughout History, the Person Who Constructed the Taqi ad-Din (Observatory of Taqi al‑Din) Celestial Observatory, Syrian Polymath Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma’ruf ash-Shami al-Asadi’s (Takiyuddin) View of Science and Religion, the Work Produced by ash-Shami al-Asadi at the Taqi ad-Din Observatory, ash-Shami al-Asadi Erroneously Interpreting a Comet as an Omen of a Forthcoming Ottoman Military Victory, the Destruction of the Taqi ad-Din Observatory, the Reason European Leaders Encouraged Scientific Inquiry During the Late 17th Century, the Person Who Provided English Learned Society the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge its Charter, the Purpose of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, Frederick II Understanding and Applying Mathematics and Science Toward His Military Force, the Practical Benefit of Understanding and Leveraging English Mathematician Benjamin Robins’ Principles of Weaponry for Weapon Accuracy, Swiss Mathematician Leonhard Euler Improving Robins’ Work, the Usage of Science to Position Europe as a World Power, the Period When the Ottoman Empire Began Updating its Knowledge Resources, Romanian Ottoman Diplomat Ibrahim Muteferrika’s Book Publication for the Rational Basis of State Politics, the Scope of Muteferrika’s Work, the Person Commissioned to Setup New Defences Within Istanbul, Türkiye During the 1770’s, French Military Officer Francois de Tott’s View of the Fortifications of the İstanbul Boğazı (Strait of Istanbul) (Bosporos) (Cow Crossing), de Tott’s View of Ottoman Castles, Policies Implemented by de Tott to Strengthen the Ottoman Empire, the Alteration of Istanbul’s National Anthem, Türkish Sultan Abdulmecid I Determined to Emulate Western Culture in Istanbul, the Layout and Grandeur of Dolmabahçe Sarayı (Filled in Garden Place) (Dolmabahçe Palace), the Exquisite Technology of the Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi (Dolmabahçe Clock Tower) of Dolmabahçe Sarayı, the Person Who Designed the Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi of Dolmabahçe Palace, Türkish President Kemal Ataturk’s Belief of the Ottoman Empire Being Propelled Into the Modern Day, Ataturk’s View of Islam and Türkiye Coexisting, Ataturk Ensuring a Separation of Church and State for Türkiye and the University of Istanbul, Ataturk Constructing an Observatory During His Early Administration, the Collapse of the Ottoman Empire During the Early 20th Century, the Promises Made Toward the Ottoman Empire by the English Government, Syrian Government, Iraqi Government, Jordanian Government, Palestinian Government, and Israeli Government, the View of These Promises by 1948 After English Occupation of Jerusalem, Israel, the Design of the State of Israel, the Continuous Threats Facing Israel During the Modern Day, the Advantage Possessed by the Israeli State for Being a Scientifically Literate Nation, the Nation With the Most Scientists Per Capita, the Lesson the Israeli Government Has Imparted Upon the International Community, and the Concept of Educating Women Within Islamic Nations Being Influenced by Western Culture Dominance Around the World