The Catholic Church and the Influence and Authority of the Papacy Within Europe Throughout History: The Abdication of German Pope Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger (Benedict XVI), the Number of Popes Who Have Resigned, the Reason Ratzinger Resigned as Pope, the Person Who Became Pope During Adolescence/Young Adulthood, the Only Person Who Became Pope Twice and the Only Person to Have Sold the Papacy Title of “Pope”, the Reason Italian Pope Theophylactus of Tusculum (No Surname) (Benedict IX) was Able to Purchase the Papacy, the Characteristics Which Should Have Disqualified Theophylactus of Tusculum from Becoming Pope, the Method in Which Popes Were Selected During the 11th Century A.D., the Reason Theophylactus of Tusculum Abdicated the Papacy, the Person Who Replaced Theophylactus of Tusculum, the Extrication of Italian Pope John of Sabina (Sylvester III), Theophylactus of Tusculum Reinstated Back Into the Position of Pope, Theophylactus of Tusculum’s Decisions Helping to Create Factions Within the Catholic Church, the Person Theophylactus of Tusculum Gifted the Papacy to, the Person Theophylactus of Tusculum Deposed as Pope to Reestablish Influence and Authority, the Development of a Semi-Democratic Canonical Papacy Election System, the Previous Methods Leveraged to Secure the Office of the Papacy, the Development of the Sacred College of Cardinals Within the Catholic Church, the Development of the Conclave (Closed Door Papal Election) System Within the Catholic Church, the Etymology of “Conclave”, All Papal Elections Being Held Clandestinely Post 1274 A.D., How Papal Elections Work, the Reason Papal Elections Are Blind and Anonymous, the Creation of the Fumata Bianca (White Smoke) Iconography After Having Selected a Novel Pope, the Meaning of Fumata Nera (Black Smoke) During a Papal Election, How Fumata Bianca is Created, the Person Who Urged the Sacred College of Cardinals to Select a Novel Pope to Avoid Vengeance in 1294 A.D., the Person the Sacred College of Cardinals Elected to Become Pope in 1294 A.D., Italian Pope Pietro Angelerio (Celestine V) Reluctantly Accepting the Position of the Papacy in 1294 A.D., the Person Who Reversed the Pro-Gallican (Pro French) Policies Enacted by Angelerio, the Uncertainty of Angelerio’s Mental Acuity During the Late 13th Century A.D., How Italian Pope Benedetto Caetani (Boniface VIII) Manipulated Angelerio to Abdicate the Papacy, the Reason Angelerio was Immediately Attacked and Arrested Post Resigning the Office of the Papacy, the Catholic Church Becoming Dependent Upon Monarchies and Vice Versa Between the 11th Century A.D. and 13th Century A.D., the Reason the Italian State Was Constantly Within a State of Contestment During the Medieval Period (476 A.D. – 1453 A.D.), European Monarchs Requiring the Blessing of the Papacy During the Medieval Period, the Reason European Monarchs and the Papacy Created Alliances During the Medieval Period, the Most Powerful Monarch in Europe During the Late 13th Century A.D., Caetani Positioning Himself as an Anti-Gallican (Anti-French) Pope, French King Philip IV (No Last Name) Helping to Reestablish the French Governments Influence Within the Catholic Church, Philip IV Requesting French Pope Bertrand de Got (Clement V) Be Appointed to Become the Pope Within France in 1305 A.D., Philip IV Controlling and Manipulating de Got, Philip IV Demanding de Got to Leave Rome, Italy and Migrate the Catholic Church to Avignon, France, This Action Minimizing the Legacy of Israeli Saint Peter (No Last Name) (Simon Peter), the Exchange of Spiritual Authority for Material Prosperity During the Early 14th Century A.D., the Organization Within the Catholic Church Which Corrupted the Catholic Churches Economic Finances, the Reason the Avignon Papacy Worked Well Initially, the Reason the Avignon Papacy Was Believed to be Destined to Fail During the Early 14th Century A.D., the Near Simultaneous Death of de Got and Philip IV, the Catholic Church Working as an Extension of the French Monarchy During the 14th Century A.D., the Reason Catholic Clergy Were Incentivized to Stay Within France During the 14th Century A.D., the Reason the Papacy Migrated Back to Italy in 1377 A.D., the Vacuum of the Papacy Exiting Italy Aiding the Bubonic Plague’s (Black Death) Ability to Cause Devastation, the Reason Rome Became Synonymous With Crime During the 14th Century A.D., the Municipal Government of Rome and the Italian Government Requiring the Papacy to Flourish Throughout History, the Person Who Migrated the Catholic Church Back to Italy, French Pope Urban V’s full name was Guillaume de Grimoard’s (Urban V) Reaction to the Corruption of the Papacy Within Avignon, de Grimoard’s View of the Catholic Church Being Connected to Monarchy, the Organization Which Disputed the Migration of the Catholic Church Back to Italy, Catholic Cardinals Being Relatively Unaffected by Economic and Health Issues During the Bubonic Plague (1347 A.D. – 1351 A.D.), Cardinals Plotting to Migrate Back to Avignon Post the Death of French Pope Pierre Roger de Beaufort (Gregory XI), the Election of Italian Pope Bartolomeo Prignano (Urban VI), the Catholic Church Being Divided Into Duelling Factions During the Late 14th Century, the Concept of the “Western Schism” of the Catholic Church, the Reason Only a Single Person Can Succeed Peter’s (Saint Peter) Legacy, the Final Person to Leave the Papacy Alive Prior to Ratzinger, the Only Pope to Abdicate Voluntarily, Popes Traditionally Remaining in Power During Periods of Illness, and Polish Pope Karol Józef Wojtyła’s (John Paul II) View of the Papacy vs Ratzinger’s View of the Papacy