English King Edward I and the Construction and Defense of 3 Virtually Impregnable Fortresses: Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle – The Conflict Between Edward I and the Welsh Public During the 13th Century, the Reason Thousands of Welsh Soldiers Attacked Conwy Castle in 1294 A.D. and 1295 A.D., the Highest Architectural Achievement of Edward I, the Reason Welsh Rebels Seized Conwy Castle in 1295 A.D., the View of Edward I by Enemies and Subjects During the Late 13th Century, the Nickname of “Edward I”, the Region Edward I Attempted to Capture Prior to Capturing Scotland, the Political Allegiance of Wales During the 13th Century, the Reason Welsh Princes Wielded Substantial Authority and Influence During the 13th Century, the Person Who Did Not Attend Edward I’s Coronation, the Short Period of English Oppression Prior to Welsh Rebels Violently Defending Wales, the Strategy Edward I Implemented to Secure Wales as Part of England, the 3 Castles Constructed by Edward I, the Reason Transporting Munitions Within Northern Wales Was Exceedingly Difficult During the Late 13th Century, the Resource Castles Required Throughout History for Long Term Sustainability, the Reason Edward I Constructed Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle Near Bodies of Water, the Location Edward I Selected for Harlech Castle, the Natural Defenses of Harlech Castle, the Location Edward I Selected for Caernarfon Castle, the Original Conceptual Design of Caernarfon Castle, the Reason Edward I Selected the Site of Caernarfon Castle, the Natural Resources and Advantages of the Site of Conwy Castle, the Iron Ring of English Domination Over Wales During the Late 13th Century, the Reason Edward I Could Not Achieve the Architecture He Desired to Construct Within Wales, the Location French Architect James of St. George (Edward I’s Head Architect) is From, the Title Edward I Provided James of St. George, the Previous Architectural Projects of James of St. George, the Conwy Castle Design James of St. George Created, How James of St. George Protected the English Governments Interests Within Close Proximity to Castle Estates, the Castle Architecture Which Harlech Castle and Caernarfon Castle are Predicated Upon, One of the Most Ambitious and Economically Expensive Projects Taken On by the English Government During the Late 13th Century, How Edward I Funded These Architectural Projects, the Reason Edward I Taxed Leather Products, the Problem Edward I Experienced Whilst Constructing Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle Simultaneously, the Welsh Public Unable and/or Unwilling to Assist These Architectural Projects, the Possible Reasons the Welsh Public Refused to Help Assist the English Government, the Reason Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle Needed to be Constructed Rapidly, How Edward I Resolved the Problem of the Lack of Resources Within Wales During the 13th Century, the Locations Edward I Imported Workers and Resources From, the Ability of the English Government to Seize and Redistribute Resources During the 13th Century, Edward I Exploiting This Royal Prerogative Legislation to Construct Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle, the Concept of “Distrained” Workers, the Reason These Workers Were Most Likely Held Against Their Will, the Number of Workers Who Migrated to Wales for Edward I’s 3 Castle Projects, the Reason Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle are Protected From Undermining Attacks, the Usage of Putlogs (Timber Scaffolding Support) During the Castle Construction Process, the Peculiar Placement of the Putlogs of Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle, the Reason These Putlog Formations are Not Found Within England, the Benefit of These Peculiar Putlog Formations, Crane and Winch Technology vs Spiral Scaffolding Technology, the Reason Conwy Castle Has 8 Guard Towers, the Height of These Guard Towers, the Reason Red Sandstone and Grey Sandstone Were Utilized to Construct Conwy Castle, the Reason Architecture Color Did Not Matter During the 13th Century, the Benefit of Utilizing Red Sandstone to Construct Castle Architecture, the Number of Arrow Slits Within Conwy Castle, the Reason Conwy Castle Has Crenelations (Notched Castle Walls), the Reason Edward I Could Not Spare Military Forces to Defend Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle, the Solution Edward I Implemented for This Problem, the Number of Soldiers Who Defended Conwy Castle in 1284 A.D., the Reason Small Groups of Soldiers Were Tasked With Defending Conwy Castle, Harlech Castle, and Caernarfon Castle, James of St. George Bifurcating Conwy Castle into Dual Sections, the Benefit of This Architectural Strategy, the Location of the Most Important Rooms of a Castle, the Location of the Chapel Within Conwy Castle, the Reason the Chapel of Conwy Castle is Well Fortified, the Wall Thickness of the Chapel of Conwy Castle, the Reason a Small Chamber Was Installed Within the Chapel of Conwy Castle, the Bathroom of the Chapel of Conwy Castle, the Reason James of St. George Demanded the Towers of Conwy Castle be Constructed as High as Possible, the Vantage Point Perspective This Provides Conwy Castle, the View of Conwy Castle’s Towers From Kilometers Away, the Eastern Entrance of Conwy Castle, the Defensive Capabilities James of St. George Designed for This Entrance, the Purpose of the Watergate of Conwy Castle, the Completion of Conwy Castle, the Near Completion of Harlech Castle and Caernarfon Castle, How Edward I Expanded and Secured England Westward in 1294 A.D., the Reason Edward I’s Visits to Wales Were Infrequent, the Officials Edward I Appointed During Periods of Absence, Edward I Demanding Welsh Citizens to Participate Within Foreign Conflicts on Behalf of the English Military, the Person the Welsh Public Rallied Around for Welsh Independence, the Ultimate Goal of Welsh Member of the House of Aberffraw Madog ap Llywelyn, the Reason Many Welsh Residents Were Willing to Support Llywelyn, the Size of Llywelyn’s Military Force Assembled to Confront Edward I, the Weaponry of This Military Force, the Only Strategy Llywelyn Viewed as Viable to Attack Conwy Castle, the Difficulty of Constructing Siege Ladders During the 12th Century and 13th Century, How Siege Ladders Were Constructed, the Reason Iron Spikes Were Attached to the Botton of Siege Ladders, How Siege Ladders are Affixed to Walls, the Exploitation of Putlog Holes During Sieges, Modern Day Ladder vs Siege Ladder, How Edward I Prepared for Siege Ladders, Llywelyn Attacking Caernarfon Castle During Construction, How Caernarfon Castle Was Attacked by Welsh Soldiers, the Witness Account of the Siege of Caernarfon in 1294 A.D., the Death of English Sherrif Roger de Puleston, Llywelyn Capturing Caernarfon Castle With Relative Ease, Edward I’s Response to the Surprise Attack of the Siege of Caernarfon, the Military Force Edward I Compiled to Attack Llywelyn, the Migration Strategy Edward I Implemented While Migrating to Conwy Castle, the Size of the Military Force Edward I Encountered During This Campaign, Welsh Soldiers Joining Edward I’s Military Force, Llywelyn Convincing These Soldiers to Defect From the English Military, the Length of Time Required for Edward I to Reach Conwy Castle in 1294 A.D., the Entrance Point of Conwy Castle for Edward I, the Reason Grooves Were Installed Within the Entrance Point of Conwy Castle, the Reason a Drawbar is Installed Behind the Secondary Timber Doors of Conwy Castle, the Siege Trap Which Lays Behind These Timber Doors, the Reason Machicolations (Stone Drop Holes) Were Installed Within Conwy Castle, the Final Line of Defense of Conwy Castle, the Security of the Last Line of Defense of Conwy Castle, Edward I Entering Conwy Castle With a Small Entourage, the Location Edward I Spent Christmas in 1294 A.D., Edward I Venturing Into the Welsh Countryside With a Small Group of Soldiers, the Ambiguity of the Reason Edward I Made This Trip, the Witness Account of Edward I’s Decision to Migrate Into the Welsh Countryside, Edward I Relinquishing Pursuit and Migrating Back to Conwy Castle, the Attack of Edward I’s Baggage Train, the Danger Edward I Experienced While Within Wales, the Winter Storm Which Flooded the River Conwy, Llywelyn Taking Advantage of This Poor Weather to Attack Conwy Castle, Llywelyn’s Military Force Attacking Conwy Castle During the Winter of 1295 A.D., the Reason Edward I Could Not Obtain Replenishment of Supplies for Conwy Castle During the Winter Season, the Record Breaking Winter Season of 1294 A.D. and 1295 A.D., the Response of Edward I After Soldiers Rationed Beer and Wine for Him, the Reason Both Sides of the Siege of Conwy Conflict Continued to Wait Their Opposition Out, the Natural Elements Helping Llywelyn to Take Control of Conwy Castle, Edward I Utilizing the Chapel of Conwy Castle Frequently, the Irish Supplies Barge Which Arrived at Conwy Castle in February 1295 A.D., Edward I’s Soldiers Crossing the River Conwy to Rendezvous With Edward I at Conwy Castle, the Response of Llywelyn to This Rendezvous, Ships From Across England Importing Supplies for Conwy Castle, the Reason Some of These Imported Food Products Spoiled, Edward I Recapturing Caernarfon Castle, the Benefit of Rebuilding the Northern Wall of Caernarfon Castle, Caernarfon Castle Acting as Symbolism for Edward I’s Paranoia of Rebellion, the Only Castle Not Upgraded Post Llywelyn’s Attacks, the English Military Confronting Welsh Rebels Within an Open Field, the Capture and Imprisonment of Llywelyn, How Edward I Attempted to Completely Eradicate Rebellion Within Wales, Edward I Crossing the Menai Straight to Reach Anglesey, Wales, How Edward I Crossed the Menai Straight, the Strategy Edward I Employed Upon Reaching Anglesey, the Reason Edward I Felt Justified to Slaughter Welsh Civilians, the Person Edward I Commissioned to Construct Beaumaris Castle, the Reason Beaumaris Castle Has Flawless Symmetry and a Moat, and the Reason Beaumaris Castle Was Left Unfinished