Tag: atom

The Coldest Natural and Artificial Temperature in the Universe

Leave a comment

The coldest temperature ever measured and/or observed was within a controlled laboratory experiment in Germany; an experiment entitled “Time‑Domain Matter‑Wave Lens System for Atomic Clouds”. During this experiment, physicists cooled a cloud of rubidium atoms to 0.000000000038 (38 trillionths) of 1 degree above absolute zero which is -273.15 degrees Celsius, colder than the vacuum of space, slowing these atoms to a near motionless state for a very short period of time which created a fleeting state of matter existing closer to perfect stillness than anywhere or anything else within the universe. This experiment was the closest scientists have come to achieving complete absence of motion within a controlled setting. Contemporary models of physical cosmology postulate that the theoretical minimum possible temperature is absolute zero, which has a value of 0 kelvin. Temperatures below this are believed to be physically impossible because particle energies become so tiny that all molecular motion ceases to continue functioning, allowing quantum effects to dominate, and producing exotic states of matter (e.g. Bose-Einstein condensates in which matter behaves as a single quantum entity etc.). The coldest naturally occurring place within the universe is the Boomerang Nebula, a dying star cloud located approximately 5,000 light years away from the Earth. The Boomerang Nebula has been measured at 1 degree above absolute zero, making it even colder than the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself, yet the Time‑Domain Matter‑Wave Lens System for Atomic Cloud experiment is 26,000,000,000x (26 billion) colder and closer to absolute zero than the Boomerang Nebula or any other naturally occurring region with low heat

The Artificial Black Hole Created by U.S. Scientists

1 Comment

In Menlo Park, United States of America, in May of 2017, scientists working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory (often abbreviated as “SLAC”) fired the world’s most powerful X-ray laser at individual molecules. The reason for this experiment was to observe what would occur when an atom with a lot of electrons is hit by high energy X-ray radiation to observe whether or not those electrons could be knocked out of orbit producing an atom which instead of having many electrons has very few electrons. This system behaved highly unusual and very differently than what scientists expected as it created a miniature black hole like object for 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 (1 quadrillionth) of a second, sucking all remaining electrons into it and exploding the molecule in a dramatic paroxysm

The Future Technology of Carbon Nanotubes

2 Comments

The atomic structure of carbon, more specifically naturally occurring diamond, is neatly stacked in a cuboid shape. Carbon nanotubes use carbon but instead stack their atoms in a hexagonal shape. The result is a material which weighs virtually nothing, yet is stronger than any material known upon Earth, including poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, more commonly referred to as “Kevlar”, zylon, and titanium. Some scientists have argued that carbon nanotubes will most likely be the strongest substance in the known universe and that nothing will ever have the ability to surpass its strength. Carbon nanotubes have a strength of 200 gigapascals; to provide frame of reference, the strongest materials known to civilization have a strength of approximately 5 gigapascals. 1 gigapascal, which is commonly abbreviated as “GPa”, is equal to 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) pascals, and 1 pascal, which is commonly abbreviated as “Pa”, is the SI unit for pressure defined as “1 newton per 1 square meter”. If a space elevator ribbon made of carbon nanotubes stretching 100 kilometers were ever to break (e.g. the counterweight above breaking), it would gently float down to Earth because it would only weighs 7 kilograms per every 1 kilometre of length

The Etymology of “Matter Plasma” and “Blood Plasma”

1 Comment

The term “plasma” is derived from the ancient Greek term “plassein” which means to “shape or mold something”. Plasma related to physics, specifically matter which has had its electrons separated from the rest of its atoms, forcing it to become an ion, more specifically a mixture of free floating electrons and ions, was first identified by British chemist and physicist Sir William Crookes in 1879 using cathode ray tubes. Crookes referred to this discovery initially as “radiant matter” but it became known as “plasma” in 1928 because of American chemist Irving Langmuir. Langmuir was exploring ionized gases, gases which were subjected to strong electrical fields to remove electrons from their orbital shells. Langmuir used the analogy of blood to explain this phenomena, with the ions representative of corpuscles and the remaining gas thought of as clear liquid. Blood is similar to plasma in that it is primarily comprised of 2 components which include its clear liquid and the corpuscles/cells entrapped within this fluid. This clear liquid was named “plasma” by Czech physiologist Johannes Purkinje In 1927. The definition of matter plasma and blood plasma however have absolutely nothing to do with eachother physically, aside from the fact that two different scientists had the idea to use the same term at approximately the same time. It is believed that these two scientists based their name upon the ancient Greek definition of the term “plasma”

Plasma: the 4th State of Matter 

1 Comment

Plasma is created when gasses are heated to high enough temperatures that some of the electrons within the gasses atoms, fly off leaving positively charged ions; this super hot mixture of ions and electrons is referred to as “plasma”. Lightning is a plasma. The sun is also plasma. Plasma is the most common state of matter within the universe as all stars are made up of plasma

Bose-Einstein Condensate State of Matter

Leave a comment

When atoms become extremely cold and reach absolute zero on the Kelvin scale they enter what’s referred to as a “Bose-Einstein Condensate” which is a state of matter that causes individual atoms to lose their individual properties thus leading them to mash together and act strangely in their behavioral properties. Atoms become so smeared that their waves start looking indistinguishable from incredibly hot and compressed atoms like the kind found inside the inner core of neutron stars, stars which are so dense that a single teaspoon would weigh 10,000,000,000 (10 billion) tonnes