English King Edward I: The Length of Time the Plantagenet Dynasty Controlled England for, the Nickname of “Edward I”, Round Towers Replacing Rectilinear Towers During the 11th Century, the Reason Round Towers Replaced Rectilinear Towers Within Fortifications, the Welsh System of Inheritance vs the English System of Inheritance, the Reason Edward I Mercilessly Oppressed Wales, Edward I Overwhelming Welsh Prince Llywelyn’s (No Last Name) Military Force, the Castle Edward I Plundered to Construct Caernarfon Castle, Edward I Constructing the Largest Fortresses in European History and the Benefit of This Strategy, Edward I’s “Iron Ring” Concept, the Site Upon Which Caernarfon Castle is Constructed, Edward I Possibly Ordering the Migration of the Remains of Roman Emperor Magnus Maximus, the Connection Between Maximus and the Dream of Macsen Wledig, the Description of the Dream of Macsen Wledig, the 3 Large Stone Eagles Peached Atop Caernarfon Castle, the Possibility of These Eagles Being Gilded During Antiquity, the Symbolism of the Eagles Installed at Caernarfon Castle, Ancient Roman Designs From Constantinople (Istanbul, Türkiye) Implemented Throughout Caernarfon Castle, Elaborate Syrian Construction Practices Implemented at the Krak des Chevaliers Castle, the Birth of Edward I’s Son French Earl of Chester Alphonso (No Last Name) Inspiring Edward I to Unite England and Wales, Welsh Subjects Imploring Edward I Only to Anoint His Son if the Child Was Born in Wales and Spoke Cymraeg (Welsh), Edward I Appointing His Son Welsh King Edward II the Title of “Prince of Wales”, the Reason the Title of Prince of Wales is Bestowed Upon All First Born Sons of the English Monarchy, Edward I Importing Craftspersons From Distant Locations to Develop Caernarfon Castle, Edward I Losing Trust Within the Welsh Public, One of the Only Vocations Which Allowed Travel During the Medieval Period, the Origin of the Term “Freemason”, the Concept and Usage of the “Plug and Feathers” Stonemason Technique, the Reason the Plug and Feathers Technique Produces a Unique Noise During Use, How Stonemasons Detect When Stone Will Fracture, the 7 Levels of Stonemasons, the Reason the Knowledge of Stonemasonry Was Highly Protected Throughout History, the Reason Stonemason Lodges Were Setup for Stonemason Apprentices, How the Process of “Boning In” Works for Stonemasons, Stonemasons Carving Their Masonry Mark to Stamp Their Work, Edward I Constructing Towns Within the Walls of Castle Fortresses No Longer in Use, the Name Used for These Small Towns, Trebuchets Launching Various Materials to Demoralize the Enemy, Edward I Capturing Sterling Castle and Encountering Scottish King Robert the Bruce, the Reason Scotland Was More Difficult for Edward I to Conquer Than Wales, the Reason Robert the Bruce Ordered the Migration of His Family, Edward I Ordering Edward II (Edward I’s Son) to Besiege Kildrummy Castle, the Reason Direct Assaults Upon Castles Were Rare Throughout Antiquity, the Reason Edward II Could Not Breach Kildrummy Castle and the Strategy Utilized to Exploit English Blacksmith Osbourne (No Last Name) into Providing Entry, Osbourne Betraying Robert the Bruce’s Family and Allowing the English Entry to Kildrummy Castle, the Penalty Osbourne Received for This Betryal, the Death of Edward I Beginning a New Period of Castle Warfare, the Scottish Military Developing New Strategies to Impede the English Military, Robert the Bruce Capturing and Destroying Castles, Robert the Bruce Expanding the Strategies of Guerilla Warfare Within Europe, the Strategy of Robert the Bruce’s Plan to Destroy All Castles, Robert the Bruce Demolishing Sterling Castle Post the Battle of Bannockburn, and the Burial Wishes of Edward I

The house of Plantagenet had ruled England for more than a century, a powerful royal family with land spanned across France. The son of King Henry III, Edward I was nicknamed “Longshanks” for his intimidating height, large ego, and furious temper. During the 11th century, round towers started replacing square towers when building castles as the weakest point of a square tower is its corner point. Round towers were more difficult to undermine because they didn’t have a visible weakest point. It w...


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