Light and the Universe: The First Person to Study the Properties of Light, How Ancient Egyptian Mathematician Euclid (No Last Name) Studied the Properties of Light, Euclid Studying How Large and Small Objects Appear When Far or Near From the Observer, Euclid’s Hypothesis of Why This Occurs, the Discovery of Light Traveling Within Straight Lines, the Result of Diverting a Straight Line of Light, Italian Astronomer Galileo Galilei Migrating to Venice, Italy in 1609, the Physical Description of Galilei, the Italian Public’s View of Galilei During the 17th Century, the Source of Galilei’s Income and the Inability for Galilei to Control His Finances During the 16th Century and 17th Century, the Reason Galilei Became Head of the Galilei Family in 1591, the Financial Obligations of Galilei During the 1590’s, the Reason Galilei Was in Search of Novel Income in 1609, the Technology of the Dutch Spyglass During the 17th Century, the Information Galilei Understood of the Technology of the Dutch Spyglass, the Location Galilei Purchased Glass Prior to Developing the Telescope, the Tool Galilei Utilized to Develop Convex and Concave Lenses, the European Understanding of Light and Glass During the 13th Century, How the Dutch Spyglass Worked, the Result of Developing a Plano-Convex (Flat Upon One Side and Curved Upon the Other Side) Lens, How Galilei Situated Convex and Concave Lenses Within His Telescope Design, the Benefit of Utilizing Convex and Concave Lenses Within a Telescope, How the Human Eye Observes an Image Through a Telescope, How Telescope Magnification Capabilities Are Determined, the Largest Difficulty Galilei Experienced Whilst Developing the Telescope, the Magnification Rate of Galilei’s First Telescope, Galilei Meeting With Venetian Nobles and Politicians to Display the Technology of the Telescope in 1609, the Benefit of Telescope Technology for the Venetians, the Person Galilei Gifted His First Telescope Prototype to, Galilei Attempting to Develop a More Powerful Telescope, the Person Who Published the Sidereus Nuncius (Sidereal/Starry Messenger) Publication, Galilei’s First Documentation Related to Astronomy, the Reason the Sidereus Nuncius Publication Was Controversial During the Early 17th Century, the Understanding and View of Planets Throughout History, the Reason Galilei Disrupted the 4th Century B.C. Belief of Planets Being Perspective Spheres, How Galilei Hypothesized the Size of the Moons Craters, Valleys, and Channels, the Human Eye vs Galilei’s Telescope Technology, Galilei Erroneously Charting 3 Stars Near Jupiter, the Reason Galilei Hypothesized That These Celestial Bodies Orbited Jupiter, the Celestial Bodies Galilei Was Observing, the Evidence Galilei Discovered Which Promoted the Theory of Heliocentrism (Earth Orbiting the Sun), the Largest Fair Festival Within Europe for 7 Centuries, the Reason Patrons Would Visit the Stourbridge Fair, the Retail Shops of the Stourbridge Fair From the 13th Century – 19th Century, the Item English Polymath Isaac Newton Purchased at the Stourbridge Fair in 1666, Newton’s Work Producing One of the Most Profound Insights Into the Properties of Light, the Hypothesis of How Light Worked During the 17th Century, the Work Which Newton Referred to as a “Crucial Experiment”, How Newton Studied the Properties of Light With a Prism, How Newton Isolated Prism Colors, Newton Disproving the Prevailing Hypothesis of Light in 1672, the Reason Newton Understood the Prevailing Hypothesis of Light to be Incorrect, Newton Hypothesizing the Colors of Light to be Part of White Light, the Name Newton Provided to the Colors of White Light, the Technological Capability of Spectroscopy During the Modern Day, the Discovery Scientists Made When Studying Light During the 19th Century, the Reason Fraunhofer Lines (Black Bands) Appear in Between the Colors of Light, the Benefit of Understanding Fraunhofer Lines, the Technology Developed to Understand the Chemical Composition of Bright Celestial Bodies, the Dual Passions of Italian Astronomer Angelo Secchi, the Person Appointed to Become the Director of the Vatican Observatory in 1852, the Location Secchi Constructed a Secondary Telescope for Vatican City, the Primary Focus of Most Astronomers During the 19th Century, the Reason Secchi Meticulously Analyzed the Light of Stars, the Person Who Published the Le Stelle: Saggio Di Astronomia Siderale (the Stars: Essay On Sidereal Astronomy) Publication, Secchi Defining the Disparate Properties of Stars Within the Le Stelle: Saggio Di Astronomia Siderale Publication, Secchi Discovering Younger Stars Possess More Hydrogen Than Older Stars, the Spectra Elements of the Youngest, Hottest, and Brightest Stars Within the Universe, the Impact of Aging Upon Stars, the Indication of Fraunhofer Lines Highlighted During Star Spectroscopy, How Scientists Analyze and Determine a Star’s Life Cycle, the Various Wavelengths and the Composition of Light, the Longest Wavelengths of Light vs the Shortest Wavelengths of Light, the Exponential Size Difference Between the Longest and Shortest Wavelengths of Light, the Volume of Visible Light Within the Electromagnetic Spectrum, the Benefit of Developing Light Sensitive Technology for Astronomy, the Methods Scientists Utilize to Categorize the Hottest and Coolest Stars, the Reason Satellites are Used to Measure the Hottest Stars, the Reason Light Can be Harnessed to Explore the Universe, the Location Danish Astronomer Ole Romer Migrated to in 1672, the Person Who Began Documenting the Rotation of Jupiters Moons in Detail, the Length of Time Io (Jupiter’s Moon) Requires to Orbit Jupiter, Italian Astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini Noticing the Irregular Orbital Patterns of Jupiter’s Moons, the Discovery Romer Made Which Helped Resolve the Enigma of the Irregular Orbital Patterns of Jupter’s Moons, Romer Discovering the Finite Velocity of Light, Romer Calculating the Approximate Speed of Light, the Technology Utilized to Record Light at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Shutter Speed of the Camera Used During the Femto‑Photography: Visualizing Photons in Motion at a Trillion Frames Per Second Experiment, the Time Required for Light to Travel 33% of 1 Millimetre, How the Femto‑Photography: Visualizing Photons in Motion at a Trillion Frames Per Second Experiment Was Setup and the Results of This Experiment, Comparative Reference of Velocity During the Femto‑Photography: Visualizing Photons in Motion at a Trillion Frames Per Second Experiment, the Scientific Work of Scottish Physicist James Clerk Maxwell, the Character Description of Maxwell During Childhood, the Age Maxwell Wrote His First Scientific Paper, Maxwell Definitively Proving the Relationship Between Electricity and Magnetism, Maxwell’s Equations Accidentally Revealing the Properties of Light, the Importance of Maxwell’s Equations, Maxwell’s First Equation (Gauss’s Law), Maxwell’s Second Equation (Gauss’s Law for Magnetism), Maxwell’s Third Equation (Faraday’s Law of Induction), Maxwell’s Fourth Equation (Ampère’s Law With Maxwell’s Correction), the Amalgamation of These 4 Equations Into a Singular Equation, the Most Important Aspect of Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Wave Equation, the Reason This Portion of the Electromagnetic Wave Equation is Important, the Electromagnetic Wave Equation Inadvertently Helping to Determine the Speed of Light, the Relationship Between Light and Electromagnetic Waves, the Discovery of the Relationship Between Electromagnetic Waves Within Light, the Unique Capability of Electromagnetic Waves, the Benefit of This Discovery, the Reason Time Delay Effects Mirrors, the Moon, and the Sun, the Correlation Between Distance and Time Within Space, the Enigmatic Signal Discovered by U.S. Physicist Arno Penzias and U.S. Physicist Robert Wilson, the Reason Penzias and Wilson Studied Wavelengths Over 7 Centimeters in Length, the Result of This Experiment, the Original Hypothesis of Penzias and Wilson to Explain Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the Reason Penzias and Wilson Believed Pigeons Could Disrupt the Experiment, the Result of This Hypothesis, the Reason Penzias and Wilson Understood Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation to Not Originate Within the Milky Way Galaxy, the Reason the Temperature of the Universe is Not Absolute Zero (-273.15 Degrees Celsius), the Hypothesis Which Developed Due to Penzias and Wilson’s Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the Causation of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the Length of Time the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Has Been Traveling Throughout the Universe, the Discovery Penzias and Wilson Made Related to Light Within the Universe, the Age of the Universe When Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Was Released, the Images of the Universe Captured by the Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite/Satellite (COBRAS/SAMBA) for Measurement of Background Anisotropies1 (Planck Satellite), How Scientists Developed a Photograph of the Early Universe, the Reason the Planck Surveyor Satellite’s View of the Whole Sky Image Possesses Disparate Colors, the Photograph of the First Light of the Universe, the Conditions of the Early Universe, and How Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Formed Throughout the Universe