150,000,000 (150 million) kilometers is the distance of 1 astronomical unit, which is the distance from the Earth to the Sun and is used as a standard measure for describing distances within our solar system. For larger distances, scientists rely upon the light year which is 9,460,730,472,580 (9.46 trillion) kilometers or 63,241 astronomical units. For even greater distances, scientists rely upon the parsec which is 30,856,775,814,914 (30.9 trillion) kilometers or 206,265 astronomical units
During the 15th century, the English would often store coins within pygg pots or containers. During the 18th century these vessels became referred to as “piggy banks” which is where the modern day term is derived from. Piggy banks were called as such because of the pygg they were comprised of which is a type of clay, an inexpensive, orange colored earthenware clay used to produce everyday vessels within England from the 15th century onward (e.g. pitchers, cups, pots etc.). The primary reason for this is that metal has been costly all throughout history, due to the difficulty of sourcing and producing it from ore, and because of this expense, alongside the fact that pygg is more commonly available and found in larger quantities throughout England, the English public relied upon pygg containers to hold not only food and liquids but also spare coins and other small treasures
The Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical path, meaning the distance between each body constantly fluctuates. Perihelion is the specific point in this orbit at which the Earth is closest to the Sun with this phenomena occurring near January 3rd annually. In contrast to this, aphelion, is when the Sun is at its farthest distance from the Earth, which occurs in July each year. Interestingly and counterintuitively, the Earth is coldest during its perihelion phase (when the sun is closest to the Earth) and warmest during aphelion (when the sun is furthest from the Earth). This paradox occurs because of the struggle between orbital distance and the 23.5 degree axial tilt of the Earth. Whilst the Earth is slightly closer to the Sun during the perihelion phase in early January, receiving 6% – 7% more solar energy than in July, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun which forces sunlight to strike the Earth’s ground at a more shallow angle, therefore spreading the light over a larger surface area and filtering it through more of the atmosphere. This reduction in heat overrides the slight shift of the Earth and Sun being closer or further away, as it is the tilt of the Earth, not the orbital proximity of the Sun which dictates both the 4 seasons as well as the perihelion/aphelion paradox. It should be noted, global temperatures peak in July because the Northern Hemisphere Continental Crust heats more rapidly than the Southern Hemispheres oceans
Assuming Santa Claus delivers at least 1 gift to each child worldwide, this would equate to 2,100,000,000 (2.1 billion) gifts. With an average of 2.5 children per household worldwide, Claus would have to visit 840,000,000 (840 million) homes to accomplish this task. To finish this job in 24 hours (12 for each side of the world), Claus would need to visit 35,000,000 (35 million) homes per hour which would be 580,000 per minute, or nearly 10,000 every second! Because there are so many homes and so very many children, the elves of the North Pole face an equally grueling pace. Assuming each child receives 1 toy, and the build time is spread across 364 days, these elves would need to craft approximately 5,750,000 (5.75 million) toys per day. This would mean 240,000 toys per hour, 4,000 per minute, or nearly 70 every second without a work break for any of them. If the North Pole were to employ 100 elves, each would need to make 0.7 toys per second; and with a large company of 1000 elves, this value drops to 1 toy every 14 seconds which is more manageable; however with a massive company of 10,000 elves, each would only need to craft 1 toy every 2.5 minutes which would be much more probable for a workforce to achieve; if however the North Pole were capable of managing a city sized work force of 100,000 elves, each elf would need only to craft a single toy every 24 minutes which is a pace that a human powered North Pole, theoretically could handle. With that being said, mythologically speaking elves are immortal, or at the very least ageless, and they do possess arcane magic and clandestine knowledge which must be kept in mind when calculating what is theoretically possible
The 6 sided geometric symmetry observed within snowflakes is governed by the rigid molecular structure of hexagonal ice, which is the only crystalline form water can adopt within the Earth’s atmosphere, and the reason snowflakes always have 6 dendrites (points) like a hexagon. It is a common misconception that all snow crystals (snowflakes) exhibit perfect symmetry, as most often they do not possess this characteristic. It is true in the sense that at the microscopic molecular scale, snow crystals form perfectly, but it is untrue because at the macro, real world scale, anomalies virtually always form. This occurs because as the snow crystal becomes larger, water molecules no longer attach to develop and maintain a uniform orientation. Additionally, as the snow crystal grows and expands, factors of the ambient environment begin to influence it (e.g. effects of humidity and temperature etc.) causing the snow crystal to grow one way whilst in one position of a cloud and then grow in a completely different orientation once having been forcibly moved to a different spot within that same cloud. Because of this, it is rare but still possible to find a perfectly symmetrical snowflake. This explains why despite the complex and random nature of snow crystal growth, all 6 arms must align in every case and grow along the same 6 fixed 60 degree axes. If this does not occur, the snow crystal would violate the fundamental laws of energy minimization (to become most stable) dictated by the hydrogen bond lattice (framework connecting atoms within water), which would cause the structure of the snow crystal to become thermodynamically unstable and therefore highly prone to fracture
The hottest temperature ever measured and/or observed was within the Large Hadron Collider located on the border of Switzerland and France. When lead particles are smashed together within this particle accelerator, for a split second the temperature reaches 4,000,000,000,000 (4 trillion) degrees Celsius which is hotter than a supernova explosion, albeit the theoretical maximum possible temperature of the universe is believed to be 20 orders of magnitude greater. Contemporary models of physical cosmology postulate that the highest possible temperature is the Planck temperature, which has a value of 1.416785(71)×1032 kelvin. Temperatures above this are believed to be physically impossible because as particle energies become larger and larger, the gravitational forces between them inevitably become as strong as the other 3 fundamental forces which essentially boils and breaks down both the universe and space time. Outside of laboratory conditions however, the hottest naturally occurring place within the universe is the quasar 3C273 (the 273rd entry in the Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources), a blazing region surrounding a supermassive black hole approximately 2,400,000,000 (2.4 billion) light years away from the Earth, with matter within its accretion disk being measured at temperatures of approximately 10,000,000,000,000 (10 trillion) kelvin, making it far hotter than the core of any star, and 400,000x hotter than the core of the sun, rivaling the conditions of the universe right after the Big Bang
The coldest temperature ever measured and/or observed was within a controlled laboratory experiment in Germany; an experiment entitled “Time‑Domain Matter‑Wave Lens System for Atomic Clouds”. During this experiment, physicists cooled a cloud of rubidium atoms to 0.000000000038 (38 trillionths) of 1 degree above absolute zero which is -273.15 degrees Celsius, colder than the vacuum of space, slowing these atoms to a near motionless state for a very short period of time which created a fleeting state of matter existing closer to perfect stillness than anywhere or anything else within the universe. This experiment was the closest scientists have come to achieving complete absence of motion within a controlled setting. Contemporary models of physical cosmology postulate that the theoretical minimum possible temperature is absolute zero, which has a value of 0 kelvin. Temperatures below this are believed to be physically impossible because particle energies become so tiny that all molecular motion ceases to continue functioning, allowing quantum effects to dominate, and producing exotic states of matter (e.g. Bose-Einstein condensates in which matter behaves as a single quantum entity etc.). The coldest naturally occurring place within the universe is the Boomerang Nebula, a dying star cloud located approximately 5,000 light years away from the Earth. The Boomerang Nebula has been measured at 1 degree above absolute zero, making it even colder than the faint afterglow of the Big Bang itself, yet the Time‑Domain Matter‑Wave Lens System for Atomic Cloud experiment is 26,000,000,000x (26 billion) colder and closer to absolute zero than the Boomerang Nebula or any other naturally occurring region with low heat